Apparatus for controlling nitrogen injection into gas turbine

ABSTRACT

A nitrogen compressor in an IGCC (integrated gasification, combined cycle) system provides gaseous nitrogen to be directly injected into the combustor of a gas turbine in the IGCC. The nitrogen is injected at substantially the same pressure as the output pressure from the nitrogen compressor. The compressor is controlled to adjust the output pressure of the nitrogen to match a nitrogen injection pressure for the combustor. By controlling the flow (pressure) of the nitrogen injected to a combustor of a gas turbine at the nitrogen compressor, the compressor is relieved of having to overcome the pressure loss through the nitrogen injection valves (which valves are run at or near full open throughout the operation of the nitrogen injection process), and does not need to provide nitrogen at a pressure substantially greater than the nitrogen pressure injected into the combustor.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to industrial gas turbines used inintegrated gasification, combined cycle (IGCC) systems. Specifically,the invention relates to directly injecting nitrogen into the combustorof the gas turbine to reduce total NO_(x) (nitrous oxides emissions)from the IGCC system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary IGCC system which includes a gasificationsystem that is integrated with power producing turbine systems. Agasifier 10 converts a mixture of fuel, air or oxygen, steam andoptionally limestone into an output of hot fuel gases. These gases arecleaned in a clean-up device 12 and supplied to the combustor 14 of agas turbine 16. The power output from the gas turbine drives a generator18 that supplies electrical power to a power grid 20. Hot exhaust fromthe turbine of the gas turbine is supplied to a heat recovery steamgenerator 22 which produces steam that drives a steam turbine 24 andflue gases which are exhausted from the IGCC system. Power generated bythe steam turbine drives an electrical generator 26 that provideselectrical power to the power grid 20. Compressed air from thecompressor 28 of the gas turbine is supplied to the gasifier 10.Similarly, steam from the heat recovery steam generator 22 is alsoprovided to the gasifier. Thus, the combined cycle internally generatesthe steam, compressed air or oxygen and power needed to drive thegasifier 10.

The gasification system may be used in conjunction with fuels such ascoal, petroleum coke, residual oil, oil emulsions, tarsands and othersimilar fuels. This gasification process generates large flows of excessnitrogen association with the production of the oxygen feed for thegasification reaction. A difficulty has been how to best use the excessnitrogen generated from the gasification process. One approach is toreturn the excess nitrogen to the gas turbine by the injection ofnitrogen directly into the combustion section of the gas turbine. Directinjection of nitrogen into the combustion section reduces dramaticallythe total nitrous oxide emissions from the entire ICGG system.

A difficulty with nitrogen injection is that the excess nitrogen gasgenerated by the gasifier 10 must be highly compressed to be injectedinto the combustor of a gas turbine. The nitrogen gas must be compressedto pressure levels at least as great as the levels in the combustionsection 14, which is downstream of the compressor 28 of the gas turbine.Substantial power is required to drive the compressor 30 in order toachieve the high levels of nitrogen compression necessary to injectnitrogen into the combustion. The power requirements of the compressor30 are a relatively high proportion of the total power requirement ofthe IGCC system.

Compressed nitrogen from the compressor 30 is distributed to thecombustion cans of the combustor 14 by a nitrogen injection manifoldcoupled to the combustor. This nitrogen injection manifold injectsnitrogen (N₂) into each combustion can of the combustor. The prior artmanifolds included nitrogen regulation valves which modulated the flowof nitrogen to the gas turbine combustion cans. The control system 32for the gas turbine operates the nitrogen flow valves at the manifold toregulate the flow of nitrogen to the combustion section. By adjustingthe nitrogen flow valves, the controller 32 regulates the pressure ofthe nitrogen downstream of the valve flow to the combustor.

The pressure of the nitrogen gas upstream of the flow regulation valveis the supply pressure provided to the flow valves by the nitrogencompressor 30. This supply pressure is relatively constant and must besubstantially higher than the pressure of the nitrogen gas supplied tothe combustor. The compressor 30 must supply nitrogen gas at a pressuresufficiently high to overcome the pressure loss through the valves andto continually provide the maximum possible nitrogen pressure that wouldbe required for any operating condition of the combustor 14. Anadditional 10-20 psid (pounds per square inch) above the pressuresupplied to the combustor was required to achieve accurate control ofthe nitrogen flow through the valve. Accordingly, prior nitrogencompressors were driven to provide a continual maximum pressure for thenitrogen gas that is substantially greater than the pressure of thenitrogen when injected into the combustor.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The power required to operate a nitrogen compressor in an IGCC systemhas been reduced by controlling the pressure of the nitrogen injected toa combustor of a gas turbine at the nitrogen compressor 30. Thistechnique replaces the prior technique of controlling the pressure ofthe nitrogen being injected into the combustor using nitrogen injectionvalves at the nitrogen injection manifold of the combustor. Thecontroller 32 for the gas turbine regulates the operation of thecompressor 30, such as by adjusting the compressors inlet guide vanes(IGVs), to provide the desired nitrogen gas pressure at the output ofthe compressor 30. The compressor is relieved of having to overcome thepressure loss through the nitrogen injection valves (which valves arerun at or near full open throughout the operation of the nitrogeninjection process), and to provide nitrogen at a pressure substantiallygreater than the nitrogen pressure injected into the combustor.

By using the nitrogen injection compressor to modulate the pressure ofnitrogen injected into the combustor, the pressure of the nitrogenoutput from the compressor can be reduced (as compared to the compressoroutput required for prior art systems which had to provide nitrogen at apressure sufficiently above that supplied to the combustor to compensatefor the pressure loss through the nitrogen gas control valves and theadditional higher pressure required to provide accurate control ofnitrogen flow through the valve). This reduction in pressure output bythe nitrogen compressor allows for substantially lower power consumptionby the nitrogen compressor. This lower power consumption substantiallyreduces the power costs for IGCC systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention, its structure and function, and method of making andusing the invention will be better understood from the detaileddescription of the preferred embodiment of the invention with referenceto the drawings, which are as follows:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an IGCC plant;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a nitrogen injection manifold for a gasturbine;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a nitrogen injection system, and

FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing the control steps for the nitrogeninjection system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 2 shows a nitrogen injection manifold 50. The manifold includes anitrogen gas inlet port 52 that is coupled through piping to an outputof a nitrogen compressor 30. A steam port 53 may also be included sothat steam may be injected with nitrogen into the combustion section.The manifold includes a series of nitrogen gas pipes 54 that provide aconduit for nitrogen gas from the inlet 52 to a distribution manifoldcoupling 56. The manifold may be mounted to the floor and ceiling of thefacility housing the gas turbine using mounting brackets 58. Thedistribution coupling 56 couples the nitrogen gas to a nitrogencombustor distribution manifold 59 that distributes the nitrogen gas toeach of the combustor cans of the combustor. For each combustor can, aflexible gas coupling 60 is provided between the distribution manifold59 and the outlet port 62 coupled to the combustion can. Thedistribution manifold 59 is directly mounted to the housing of the gasturbine via mounting brackets 64.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary nitrogen injection systemhaving a flow metering tube 66, a nitrogen gas module 68, and thenitrogen injection manifold 50. The flow metering tube 66 is used tosense the nitrogen gas flow being supplied from the output of thenitrogen compressor 30. The flow sensed by the metering tube is providedvia sensor 67 to the controller for operating the nitrogen compressorand regulating the nitrogen pressure and/or flow injected to thecombustion section. The gas module 68 includes a turn-off valve 70 and ametering valve 72 that are used to control the flow of nitrogen gas tothe combustion section. The turn-off valve 70 is used to isolate thecombustion section while nitrogen is not being injected. The meteringvalve 72 is maintained in a fully open position while the nitrogen gaspressure/flow is controlled through the compressor output pressure. Inaddition, a nitrogen vent 74 to atmosphere is provided to relievepressure from the nitrogen injection system. The injection system 50includes drains 76 (see also FIG. 2) for removing liquids that may havecollected in the nitrogen manifold. The injection system 50 includes anarray of nozzles 78 that are coupled to the combustion cans of thecombustion section of the gas turbine.

At the lowermost portions of the nitrogen couplings to the combustor arewater drain lines 76. These drain lines are normally closed. However,they are open when the gas turbine is turned off and are open to clearany liquids from the nitrogen manifold.

The nitrogen manifold 50 includes an orifice or venturi metering tubewith flow (or pressure) instrumentation 66 which provides an output flowsignal to the controller of the nitrogen gas flow being supplied throughthe manifold. In addition, the nitrogen manifold may include a Y-type orbasket-type strainer 78 to capture any sediment in the nitrogen flow. Agas turbine controlled stop valve and control valve may also be coupledto the manifold An inter-valve vent 80 may also be further coupled tothe manifold. Further, a temporary “witches hat strainer” 82 may also becoupled to the manifold. These components are conventional componentsfor nitrogen injection systems.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that shows the operation steps of controllingthe nitrogen compressor. When the gas turbine is switched to auxiliarygas (step 100), the nitrogen injection system is energized by thecontroller 32 for the gas turbine in step 102. The controller actuatesthe gas turbine controlled nitrogen stop valve coupled to the manifoldto open the gas passage to the manifold in step 104. In addition, thecontroller opens the nitrogen inter-valve vent for the nitrogen manifoldto allow a small flow of nitrogen and thereby warm the nitrogen linesfor approximately one minute, in step 106. Similarly, the control systemsubsequently opens the nitrogen control valves to a minimum warm-upvalve position for approximately 30 minutes in step 108. At this point,the nitrogen manifold and control valves have been activated andsufficiently warmed to begin modulating the flow of nitrogen inconjunction with the nitrogen compressor controls.

The gas turbine controller 32 determines a nitrogen flow rate setpointbased on the flow of auxiliary gas (from the gasifier) to the combustorof the gas turbine. This flow setpoint is applied to control the outputpressure of the nitrogen compressor 30, which includes a controller. Thenitrogen compressor controller receives the flow setpoint from the gasturbine controller, in step 110. The controller for the compressor thenoperates the compressor to generate a nitrogen output pressure whichmatches the flow setpoint in step 112. Simultaneously, the controller 32for the gas turbine applies a slight multiplier, e.g., 1.02, to the flowsetpoint and uses this multiplied flow setpoint as an internal flowcontrol to operate the control valve for the nitrogen manifold. Byinstructing the control valve to operate at a flow rate slightly abovethe pressure of the nitrogen supplied by the compressor, the controlvalve is maintained in a full open position so as to minimize thepressure loss through the control valve.

The compressor controller matches the flow setpoint by adjusting inletguide vanes (IGVs) on the nitrogen compressor, in step 114. By adjustingthe IGVs (31), the controller for the compressor regulates thecompressor output pressure such that the nitrogen pressure beingsupplied to the nitrogen manifold matches the nitrogen pressure to bedelivered to the combustor. Thus, the nitrogen compressor is being usedto control the nitrogen pressure to the combustor. The compressor is notbeing required to generate nitrogen at a pressure substantially higherthan that needed for the combustor, as was done in prior systems.

A feedback control system is provided by the controller for thecompressor. The compressor controller senses the nitrogen gas outputflow from the compressor and compares the sensed nitrogen flow to thenitrogen flow reference signal (setpoint) provided by the gas turbinecontroller. If the compressor output flow differs from the flowsetpoint, the nitrogen compressor controller adjusts the inlet guidevanes to eliminate the difference, in step 116. Thus, the nitrogen gasoutput pressure is maintained at the flow setpoint by use of feedback.In addition, the nitrogen compressor controller will turn off, i.e.,“trip”, the nitrogen injection system when it detects that the gasturbine control system has shut the nitrogen injection system down orsome other trip event has occurred in step 118.

The total power consumed by the nitrogen compressor 30 is reduced fromprior systems, due to the direct control of the compressor forregulating the nitrogen gas pressure applied to the combustor. Thepresent system avoids having to supply artificially high nitrogen gaspressures which are needed when nitrogen gas pressures are regulated bya control valve, and also minimizes pressure loss through partially-opencontrol valves. In the present system, control valves are not used toregulate the pressure of the nitrogen gas to the combustor, and thecontrol valves (to the extent they remain in the system) are held in afully open position to minimize the pressure loss through those controlvalves.

While the invention has been described in connection with what ispresently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment,it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to thedisclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover variousmodifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit andscope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A nitrogen supply system in an integratedgasification, combined cycle system (IGCC) having a gas turbineincluding a combustion section, and a gasification system providinggasified fuel to the combustion section of the gas turbine, the nitrogensupply system comprising: a nitrogen compressor having an input coupledto a nitrogen gas output of the gasification system and an outputcoupled to a nitrogen injection system, wherein said compressor suppliesnitrogen at a predetermined output pressure from the output, and saidnitrogen injection system connected to the combustion section to injectcompressed nitrogen gas into the combustion section at substantially thesame pressure as the output, wherein the predetermined output pressureis a predetermined desired nitrogen input pressure to the combustionsection.
 2. A nitrogen supply system as in claim 1 further comprising acontroller regulating an output nitrogen flow from the nitrogencompressor.
 3. A nitrogen supply system as in claim 2 wherein thecontroller further regulates inlet guide vanes of the nitrogencompressor.
 4. A nitrogen supply system as in claim 2 wherein thecontroller regulates the output nitrogen flow from the nitrogencompressor to match a predetermined nitrogen flow setpoint.
 5. Anitrogen supply system in an integrated gasification, combined cyclesystem (IGCC) having a gas turbine including combustion section and agasification system providing gasified fuel to the combustion section ofthe gas turbine, the nitrogen supply system comprising: a nitrogen gascompressor having an input coupled to a nitrogen gas output of thegasification system and a nitrogen gas compressor output coupled to anitrogen injection manifold, wherein said compressor output suppliesnitrogen at an output pressure; said nitrogen injection manifold havingat least one coupling to the combustion section of the gas turbine toinject compressed nitrogen gas into the combustion section atsubstantially the same pressure as the output pressure at the nitrogencompressor output, and a controller operating said nitrogen compressorto regulate the output pressure of nitrogen flow through the nitrogengas compressor, wherein the controller regulates the compressor outputpressure to match a predetermined nitrogen flow setpoint.
 6. A nitrogensupply system as in claim 7 further comprising a nitrogen control valvein a nitrogen conduit coupled to the nitrogen injection system, whereinsaid valve is turned to a fully open position while the controlleroperates the nitrogen compressor.